Abbe Refractometers

Refractometers are measuring instruments which put the phenomenon of light refraction (bending) to practical use. They are based on the principle that as the density of a substance increases (such as when sugar is dissolved in water), its refractive index rises proportionately. Refractometers were devised by Dr. Ernst Abbe, a German/Austrian scientist in the early 20th century.
The prism in a refractometer has a greater refractive index than the sample solution. Measurements are read at the point where the prism and solution meet. With a low concentration solution, the refractive index of the prism is much greater than that of the sample, causing a large refraction angle and a low reading. The reverse (lower refraction angle and higher reading) would happen with a highly concentrated solution.

Abbe Refractometers are a type of refractometer used for measuring the refractive index of solid samples, such as glass, plastics and polymer films. There are two detection systems for refractive index: transparent systems and reflection systems. Hand-held refractometers and Abbe refractometers use transparent detection systems, and digital refractometers use reflection detection systems. Abbe refractometer readouts can be either digital or analogue.

Abbe refractometers are used most often to measure solid samples – something that standard digital refractometers cannot do. Circulating water baths can be added to control instrument and fluid temperature in Abbe refractometers. Newer versions of Abbe refractometers have recently been upgraded to include solid state Peltier elements to both heat and cool the refractometer so that you no longer need to use a waterbath. Another modern feature is the ability to link the Abbe refractometer to a computer to control the instrument and to record readings.

Some Abbe refractometers can measure at wavelengths other than the standard 589 nanometers, using filters on up to the near infrared range. They are referred to as Multi-wavelength Abbe refractometers. Multi-wavelength Abbe refractometers can be used to easily determine a sample's Abbe number, which is a measure of the material's dispersion (variation of refractive index with wavelength) in relation to the refractive index. These multi-wavelength Abbe refractometers can be used to test eyeglass lenses, contact lens materials, optical plastics for optical communication, compact disk materials and insulating oil.

Other accessories that are available include digital printers, extra filters and near-IR viewers.

Article Source: Abbe Refractometers

Published on www.ArticleMark.org